Species richness per 5 degree latitudinal band is shown at the right. Understanding how landscape patterns affect species diversity is of great importance in the fields of biogeography, landscape ecology and conservation planning, but despite the rapid advance in biodiversity analysis, investigations of spatial effects on biodiversity are still largely focused on species richness. Historical biogeography, ecology and species richness donoghue. J 2004 historical biogeography, ecology and species richness. Ecological biogeography studies the factors that define the spatial distribution of species in the present time. Historical biogeography has become narrowly focused on using phylogenies to discover the history of geological connections among regions. A modified version of the classical island biogeography model proposed by macarthur and wilson 1963 is depicted above. Formicidae and species composition of the catch in a semiarid eucalypt woodland. Understanding historical and current patterns of species. Original article island biogeography of bats in baja california, mexico. Historical biogeography of fishes from coastal basins of. For many decades, ecologists have studied only small areas over short time spans in the belief that diversity is regulated by local ecological interactions.
Here, we illustrate how biogeography can be used to test for community saturation, when combined with data on local species. Historical biogeography, ecology and species richness sciencedirect. Species diversity is determined not only by the number of species within a biological communityi. Heady iii2 1department of forest science, 321 richardson hall, oregon state university, corvallis, or. Our historical reconstructions are largely consistent with previous hypotheses and fossil data, and suggest that both the passage of time since colonization and rates of cladogenesis have enhanced tropical species richness. Ecological and historical factors affecting distribution. We evaluated the impact of particular ldd events on orchid diversity by asking how many species evolved in the new range subsequent to those events. In this paper, we explore the evolutionary causes of patterns of biogeography and species richness in northern hemisphere treefrogs, combining phylogenetics, ancestral area reconstruction. The effects of pitfall trap diameter on ant species richness hymenoptera. Biodiversity change is uncoupled from species richness trends. A pioneering work, species diversity in ecological communities looks at biodiversity in its broadest geographical and historical contexts.
Slopes of extincton and immigration rate curves not known. Cluster analysis, geological substrate, glacial refugia, historical factors, ligurian alps, maritime alps, parsimony analysis of endemism, species richness, vascular plants. Island biogeography of bats in baja california, mexico. Organisms and biological communities often vary in a regular fashion along geographic gradients of latitude, elevation, isolation and habitat area. Aim the incorporation of functional and phylogenetic information is necessary to comprehensively characterize spatial patterns of biodiversity and to evaluate the relative importance of ecological and evolutionary mechanisms in molding such patterns. For much of its history, community ecology has placed far greater emphasis on negative interactions, such as competition and predation. It has been argued that historical biogeography, the study of how. Species abundance is the number of individuals per species, and relative abundance refers to the evenness of. In this paper, we explore the evolutionary causes of patterns of biogeography and species richness in northern hemisphere treefrogs, combining phylogenetics, ancestral area recon. The meaning of z in speciesarea regressions and the study of species turnover in island biogeography. Phylogeography is the study of the historical processes that may be responsible for the contemporary geographic distributions of individuals. My taxonomic research has resulted in the discovery andor description of dozens of new loricariid species and at least three new genera.
Historical biogeography addresses the first question. This concept has important implications for many areas of ecology, such as species richness, community assembly, invasive species and climate change. It also includes countylevel maps for each species, quick keys for identification, and discussion of the geographic and ecological distribution of species, the historical biogeography of these shrubs and vines, natural history features, their present occurrence in regional landscape ecosystems of michigan, their relationship with native americans prior to european settlement. Numbers in parentheses indicate number of papionini species found in each area. Pattern and process in the ecological biogeography of. The histories of ecology and biogeography are beyond the scope of this brief introduction. Historical biogeography, ecology and species richness john j. Historical biogeography was an important substratum in which the evolutionary ideas of darwin and wallace were rooted llorentebousquets et al. In this paper, we explore the evolutionary causes of patterns of biogeography and species richness in northern hemisphere treefrogs, combining phylogenetics, ancestral area reconstruction, molecular. Though ecology emerged in the 19th century much of its theoretical structure only emerged in the twentieth century. Ecology and historical phylogenybased biogeography have much to offer one another, but exchanges between these fields have been limited.
Historical biogeography using species geographical ranges ignacio quintero. Request pdf historical biogeography, ecology and species richness ecology and historical phylogenybased biogeography have much to offer one another. Using historical biogeography to test for community. Historical biogeography, ecology and species richness cell press. Historical biogeography, ecology and species richness request pdf. The typical ecological approach focuses on correlations between local or regionalscale richness for a given group or groups of organisms and environmental conditions across several locations see 28, 29. However, analyses that incorporate inferences from historical biogeography e. Using historical biogeography to test for community saturation. Historical biogeography using species geographical ranges. While the importance of productivity, temperature, and a. Phylogenetic and phylogeographic approaches have become widespread in evolutionary biology, ecology, and biogeography. List of the genera analysed, their ecology and distributions. Biogeography is the discipline of biology that studies the present and past distribution patterns of biological diversity and their underlying environmental and historical causes. Darwin thought that biogeography was an interesting, indeed, a critical.
His main research interests are patterns of species distribution, species range sizes, species assemblages, species. The radicine pond snails represent a speciesrich and widely distributed group, many species of which are key vectors of human and animal trematodoses. Research paper understanding historical and current patterns of species richness of babblers along a 5000m subtropical elevational gradient yongjie wu1,2,robertk. The vertebrate fauna of the west indies 1262 species exhibits high levels of endemism and has a taxonomic composition characteristic of more isolated oceanic islands. In recent decades, the field of historical biogeography has become increasingly divorced from evolutionary biology, ecology, and studies of species richness. Abstract in recent decades, the field of historical biogeography has become increasingly divorced from evolutionary biology, ecology, and studies of species richness. Theclini was compiled to analyse their areas of endemism aoes, species richness and distribution patterns, to explore their locations of past glacial refugia and dispersal routes. In this dissertation, i attempt to fill major gaps in the knowledge of loricariid taxonomy, jaw morphological and functional diversity, trophic ecological structure, and historical biogeography. Jaw morphofunctional diversity, trophic ecology, and. Donoghue2 1department of ecology and evolution, stony brook university, stony brook, ny 117945245, usa 2department of ecology and evolutionary biology and peabody museum of natural history, yale university, new haven, ct 06511, usa ecology and historical phylogenybased biogeography. Regional divisions used in historical biogeography analyses. The science of ecology studies interactions between individual organisms and their environments, including interactions with both conspecifics and members of other species.
Historical biogeography and the evolution of the latitudinal gradient of species richness in the papionini primata. The biogeography of ecology congress program ibs special meeting beijing 2016 may 48 2016 beijing 2016. Aim a database based on distributional records of eurasian zephyrus hairstreaks lepidoptera. Here, we describe the chasm that has developed between ecology and historical biogeography, some of the important questions that have fallen into it and how it might be bridged. Biogeography is the study of the distribution of species and ecosystems in geographic space and through geological time. In this paper, we explore the evolutionary causes of patterns of biogeography and species richness in northern hemisphere treefrogs, combining phylogenetics, ancestral area. Biodiversity change is uncoupled from species richness. In other words, while we have descriptions of the richness, size and composition of flocks from many areas, we. Mj 2004 historical biogeography, ecology and species richness.
Though ecology includes a wide variety of subfields. Species richness, molecular taxonomy and biogeography of. We evaluated the relative importance of mechanisms that shape passerine biodiversity along an extensive. The equator and the tropics are shown as dashed lines. Rolf karez, and janne soininen as well as the plankton ecology lab and members of the nutrient network provided helpful insights. However, to understand fully how communities come to have the diversity they. Methods in historical biogeography combine phylogenetic information with. Many of the ecological hypotheses proposed to explain variation in species richness invoke spatial and temporal variation.
However, the rush to the global scale carries the risk of abandoning, to some degree, local scales where biogeography, ecology. We estimated historical biogeography and assessed the importance of different regions for rates of speciation, extinction and net species diversi. Colwell3,4, naijian han1, ruiying zhang1, wenjuan wang5, qing quan1,2, chunlan zhang1,2, gang song1, yanhua qu1 and fumin lei1 1key laboratory of the zoological systematics and evolution, institute of zoology. Mayhew department of biology, university of york, po box 373, york, yo10 5yw, uk received 22 april 2004. Phytogeography is the branch of biogeography that studies the distribution of plants. Conversely, ecologists often ignore historical biogeography, even when its input can be crucial. Relationships among species richness, functional composition, and. Species diversity in ecological communities, ricklefs. We apply historical biogeography techniques to the macaques, baboons and their relatives. Methods in historical biogeography combine phylogenetic information with current species locations to infer the evolutionary history of a clade through space and time. Many groups that are widespread on the mainland are absent in the islands, and some of those present are characterized by large adaptive radiations.
Historical biogeography may thus considerably aid understanding of this and other spatial problems in macroecology. This is accomplished by considering the geographic distribution of individuals in light of genetics, particularly population genetics this term was introduced to describe geographically structured genetic signals within and among. The benefits of integrating historical biogeography and ecology can be illustrated by the study of largescale patterns of species richness. Historical biogeography, ecology and species richness. Community ecology evolutionary ecology and biogeography. Methods over 2000 zephyrus hairstreaks occurrences are analysed using the ndmvndm. Introduction biogeography is closely tied to both ecology and phylogenetic biology and its main areas of interest are ecological biogeography.
The model considers the interaction of two main parameters, colonization and extinction, and then considers island size and distance from mainland as predictors of the species richness found on each island. To illustrate the benefits of an integrated approach, we expand on a model that can help explain the latitudinal gradient of species richness. We simply note the longtime segregation between these disciplines that is reflected in the different approaches of biogeography and ecology, and that explains the need for a discussion of their recent integration, exemplified by the. As such, biogeography also includes the study of the worlds biomes and taxonomythe naming of speciesand has strong ties to biology, ecology, evolution studies, climatology, and soil science as they relate to animal populations and the factors that allow them to flourish in particular regions of the globe. The typical ecological approach focuses on correlations between local or regionalscale richness for a given group or groups of organisms and environmental conditions across several locations see. A major limitation of most methods for historical biogeographic inference is the requirement of. Dimensions of passerine biodiversity along an elevational. We apply historical biogeography techniques to the macaques, baboons and their relatives primata. He has published more than 200 scientific papers on tropical plant ecology, theoretical ecology, plantanimal interactions and animal behavior and is author of four books including neutral theory of biodiversity and biogeography, which seeks to explain the diversity and relative abundance of species in ecological communities.
540 181 110 287 1282 493 1138 196 1046 1191 1077 969 1517 666 1471 728 872 471 1410 137 1490 294 1453 1247 1108 937 277 810 742 1296 683 757 328 947 1102 975 1326 1334 58 265 579 1441